يَوْمُ عَاشُوْرَاء (مترجمة)

الخُطْبَةُ الأُوْلَى

(The First Sermon)

إِنَّ الحَمْدَ لِلهِ، نَحْمَدُهُ وَنَسْتَعِينُهُ، وَنَسْتَغْفِرُهُ ونَتُوبُ إِلَيه، مَنْ يَهْدِ اللهُ فَلَا مُضِلَّ لَهُ، وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلَا هَادِيَ لَهُ، وَأَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ.

Indeed, all praise is due to Allah. We praise Him, seek His assistance, ask for His forgiveness, and repent to Him. Whoever Allah guides, no one can misguide, and whoever He allows to go astray, no one can guide. I bear witness that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah alone, without any partners, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and messenger.

أَمَّا بَعْدُ: فَاتَّقُـــوا اللهَ في السِّــــرِّ والنَّجْــــوَى، واسْـــتَعِدُّوا لِلْـــــدَّارِ الأُخْرَى، فَالآخِرَةُ خَيْرٌ وَأَبْقَى! ﴿وَتَــزَوَّدُوا فَإِنَّ خَيْرَ الزَّادِ التَّقْوَى﴾.

Afterwards, have Taqwa of Allah and fear Him in private and in public, and prepare yourselves for the eternal abode, for the Hereafter is better and more enduring. "And take provision, but indeed, the best provision is Taqwa (piety)".

عِبَادَ اللهِ: مِنْ رَحْمَةِ اللهِ بِعِبَادِهِ؛ أَنْ شَرَعَ لَهُمْ مَوَاسِمَ يَسْتَكْثِرُونَ فِيْهَا مِنْ الصَّالِحَات، ويَتَزَوَّدُونَ مِنَ القُرُبَات.

Worshipers of Allah, from the mercy of Allah upon His servants is that He has prescribed for them seasons in which they can abundantly engage in righteous deeds and seek closeness to Him through acts of worship.

وَمِنَ المَوَاسِمِ الفَاضِلَةِ، والأَعْمَالِ المُضَاعَفَة: صِيَامُ شَهْرِ اللهِ المُحَرَّمِ! قال ﷺ: (أَفْضَلُ الصِّيَامِ بَعْدَ رَمَضَانَ؛ شَهْرُ اللهِ المُحَرَّمُ)([1]).

And among the virtuous seasons and multiplied acts of worship is fasting in the month of Allah, Muharram. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said, "The best fasting after Ramadan is the fasting in the month of Allah, Muharram".

وَصِيَامُ اليَومِ العَاشِرِ مِنْ شَهْرِ مُحَرَّم؛ يُكَفِّرُ ذُنُوبَ سَنَةٍ كَامِلَةً! قال ﷺ: (صِيَامُ يَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ؛ أَحْتَسِبُ عَلَى اللهِ أَنْ يُكَفِّرَ السَّنَةَ الَّتِي قَبْلَهُ) ([2]). وَهَذَا فَضْلٌ عَظِيمٌ؛ لا يَنْبَغِي التَّفْرِيطُ فِيْه!

Fasting on the tenth day of Muharram, the Day of Ashura, expiates the sins of an entire year. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said, "Fasting on the Day of Ashura, I hope from Allah, will expiate the sins of the year before it." This is a great virtue that should not be neglected or taken lightly.

وَكَانَ صِيَامُ عَاشُوراءَ: مَعْرُوْفًا في الجَاهِلِيَّةِ! فَعَنْ عائِشَةَ رضي الله عنها قالَتْ: (كَانَ "يَوْمُ عَاشُورَاءَ" تَصُومُهُ قُرَيْشٌ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ، وَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ يَصُومُهُ، فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ المَدِينَةَ: صَامَهُ، وَأَمَرَ بِصِيَامِهِ، فَلَمَّا فُرِضَ رَمَضَانُ: تَرَكَ يَوْمَ عَاشُورَاءَ؛ فَمَنْ شَاءَ صَامَهُ، وَمَنْ شَاءَ تَرَكَهُ)([3]).

Fasting on the Day of Ashura was observed even during the time of Jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic era of ignorance). Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated, "The people of Quraysh used to observe fasting on the Day of Ashura during the time of Jahiliyyah, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ also used to observe fasting on this day. When he arrived in Madinah, he continued fasting on this day and commanded others to do so as well. However, when the fasting of Ramadan was prescribed, he left fasting on the Day of Ashura. Whoever wishes to observe fasting on this day may do so, and whoever wishes to leave it may do so".

وَصِيَامُ عَاشُورَاءَ، كَانَ فَرْضًا (في أَوَّلِ الهِجْرَةِ)، قَبْلَ أَنْ يُفْرَضَ رَمَضَانُ! حَتَّى إِنَّ الأَنْصَارَ كَانُوا يُصَوِّمُونَ فيهِ صِبْيَانَهُمْ! فَعَنْ الرُّبَيِّعِ بِنْتِ مُعَوِّذٍ É قالت: (أَرْسَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ غَدَاةَ عَاشُورَاءَ إِلَى قُرَى الأَنْصَارِ: مَنْ أَصْبَحَ مُفْطِرًا؛ فَلْيُتِمَّ بَقِيَّةَ يَوْمِهِ، وَمَنْ أَصْبَحَ صَائِمًا فَليَصُمْ)، قالت: (فَكُنَّا نَصُومُهُ بَعْدُ، وَنُصَوِّمُ صِبْيَانَنَا، وَنَجْعَلُ لَهُمُ اللُّعْبَةَ مِنَ العِهْنِ، فَإِذَا بَكَى أَحَدُهُمْ عَلَى الطَّعَامِ؛ أَعْطَيْنَاهُ ذَاكَ؛ حَتَّى يَكُونَ عِنْدَ الإِفْطَارِ!) ([4]).

Fasting on the Day of Ashura was initially obligatory during the early days of Hijrah before the obligation of fasting in Ramadan was prescribed. It was even observed by the Ansar (the residents of Madinah) and they would make their children fast on this day. Rubayyi' bint Mu'awwidh (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated that the Prophet ﷺ sent a message on the morning of Ashura to the villages of the Ansar, saying, "Whoever has already eaten should complete his fast for the rest of the day, and whoever has not eaten should continue fasting." She further mentioned, "So we used to fast on that day and make our children fast, and we would make toys for them out of wool. If one of them cried due to hunger, we would give them the toy to play with until it was time to break the fast.".

ثُمَّ زَالَتْ فَرْضِيَّةُ صَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ؛ بِفَرْضِ رَمَضَانَ؛ قال ﷺ: (إِنَّ عَاشُورَاءَ يَوْمٌ مِنْ أَيَّامِ اللهِ؛ فَمَنْ شَاءَ صَامَهُ، وَمَنْ شَاءَ تَرَكَهُ) ([5]).

Then the obligation of fasting on the Day of Ashura was lifted with the obligation of fasting in Ramadan. The Prophet ﷺ said, 'Indeed, Ashura is a day among the days of Allah. Whoever wishes may fast it, and whoever wishes may leave it."

وَيَوْمُ عَاشُوْرَاءَ: مِنْ أَيَّامِ اللهِ، الَّتِي يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَتَذَكَّرَهَا أَهْلُ الإِيمانِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ اليَوْمُ الَّذِي أَنْجَى اللهُ فِيهِ مُوْسَى u، وَمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ المُؤْمِنِيْنَ، وَأَغْرَقَ فِرْعَونَ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الكافرين! قال ابْنُ عَبَّاس t: (قَــدِمَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ المَدِينَةَ فَرَأَى اليَهُودَ تَصُوْمُ يَوْمَ عَاشُورَاءَ؛ فَقَالَ: "مَا هَذَا؟". قَالُوا: هَذَا يَوْمٌ صَالِحٌ، هَذَا يَوْمٌ نَجَّى اللهُ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ مِنْ عَدُوِّهِمْ؛ فَصَامَهُ مُوسَى! فقال ﷺ: أَنَا أَحَقُّ بِمُوسَى مِنْكُمْ!؛ فَصَامَهُ، وَأَمَرَ بِصِيَامِه) ([6]).

And the Day of Ashura is among the days of Allah that the believers should remember, for it is the day on which Allah saved Musa (Moses) and those who were with him from their enemy and drowned Pharaoh and those who were with him from the disbelievers! Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated, 'When the Prophet ﷺ arrived in Madinah, he saw the Jews fasting on the Day of Ashura and asked, 'What is this?' They said, 'This is a righteous day, the day on which Allah saved the Children of Israel from their enemy, so Musa fasted on this day.' The Prophet ﷺ said, 'I have more right to Musa than you do,' so he fasted on that day and commanded others to fast as well.'"

وَكَانَ حِرْصُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ  على صِيَامِ عَاشُوْرَاء، أَكْثَرَ مِنْ حِرْصِهِ على صِيَامِ غَيْرِهِ مِنَ الأَيَّامِ؛ قالَ ابنُ عبَّاس t: (مَا رَأَيْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ يَتَحَرَّى صِيَامَ يَوْمٍ فَضَّلَهُ عَلَى غَيْرِهِ؛ إِلا هَذَا اليَوْمَ "يَوْمَ عَاشُورَاءَ")([7]).

The Prophet ﷺ was particularly keen on fasting the Day of Ashura more than any other day. Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated, 'I never saw the Prophet ﷺ so eager to fast a day and give it preference over others except for the Day of Ashura.'"

وَاليَهُودُ قَد اتَّخَذُوا عَاشُوراءَ (يَوْمَ عِيدٍ)، وَصَامُوهُ أيضًا؛ فَأَمَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِمُخَالَفَتِهِمْ بِصِيَامِ (اليَوْمِ التَّاسِعِ) مَعَهُ؛ لِتَتَمَيَّزَ هَذِهِ الأُمَّةُ عَنْ مُشابَهتِهِمْ! قال ﷺ: (لَئِنْ بَقِيتُ إِلَى قَابِلٍ؛ لَأَصُومَنَّ التَّاسِعَ) ([8]).

The Jews used to consider the Day of Ashura as a festive day and fasted it. Upon seeing this, the Prophet ﷺ commanded his followers to differ from them by fasting the ninth day along with the Day of Ashura. He ﷺ said, 'If I remain alive till the next year, I will surely fast the ninth (day)'.

فَأَفْضَلُ دَرَجَاتِ صَوْمِ عَاشُوْرَاء:

1- أَنْ يَصُــوْمَ (التَّاسِعَ والعَاشِرَ).

2- فَـــإِذَا عَجَــزَ عن التَّاسِــــعِ؛ فَصَــامَ (الحَــــادِيَ عَشَرَ)؛ تَحَقَّقَتِ المُخَالَفَةُ.

3- فَإِنِ اقْتَصَرَ على صَومِ (العَاشِرِ) وَحْدَهُ؛ نَالَ الأَجْــرَ المُـــــرَتَّبَ عَلَيْـهِ، وَفَاتَــهُ فَضْلُ مُخَـالَفَـــــةِ أَهْــــلِ الكِتَابِ([9]).

The best degrees and levels of fasting on the Day of Ashura are as follows:

1.   Fasting both the ninth and tenth days of Muharram.

2.   If one is unable to fast the ninth day, they can fast the eleventh day as a means of differentiation.

3.   If one only fasts the tenth day, they will still attain the prescribed reward, but they will miss out on the virtue of distinguishing themselves from the People of the Book (Jews and Christians).

 وَلَوْ صَامَ يَوْمَ عَاشُوْرَاء، وَعَلَيْــــــهِ قَضَاءٌ مِنْ رَمَضَــــان؛ فَصِيَامُــــهُ صَحِيحٌ. وَإِذَا نَوَىَ أَنْ يَصُومَ عاشُوْرَاءَ مَعَ (نِيَّةِ قَضَاءِ رَمَضَان)، وَبَيَّتَ النِيَّةَ مِـــنَ اللَّيْلِ: أَجْزَأَهُ ذَلكَ، وَحَصَـــــلَ لَـــهُ الأَجْرَان: أَجْرُ عَاشُوْرَاء، مَعَ أَجْرِ القَضَاءِ([10]).

If someone observes the fast of Ashura while having pending fasts from Ramadan, their fast is valid. And if they intend to fast Ashura along with the intention of making up missed Ramadan fasts, and they make the intention the night before, it is permissible, and they will attain the rewards of both fasting on Ashura and making up the missed fasts.

وَلَيْــــسَ مِــــــنَ السُّنَّةِ في عَاشُورَاء؛ إِقَامَةُ شَعَائِرِ الحُزْنِ وَالتَّرَح، أَوْ شَعَائِرِ السُّرُورِ وَالفَــرَحِ([11])؛ لِأَنَّ الأَصـــلَ في المُسْــلِمِ: الاِتِّبَاعُ وَلَيْسَ الابْتِدَاع! ﴿قُلْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللهَ فَاتَّبِعُونِي يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللهُ﴾.

It is not from the Sunnah (Prophetic tradition) to observe specific rituals of mourning or celebration on the day of Ashura, because the principle for a Muslim is to follow and adhere to the established practices, not to introduce innovations. Allah says in the Quran, "Say, [O Muhammad], 'If you should love Allah, then follow me, [so] Allah will love you'.

فَصُوْمُوا يَوْمَ عَاشُورَاء، وَصُومُوا التَّاسِعَ مَعَهُ: تَحَرِّيًا لِلسُّنَّةِ، وَطَلَبًا لِلْأَجْرِ، ومُخَالَفَةً لِلْيَهُودِ، وشُكْرًا للهِ تَعَالَى على نَصْرِ المُؤْمِنِيْنَ، وهَلَاكِ الكَافِرِيْنَ! ﴿وَتَمَّتْ كَلِمَتُ رَبِّكَ الحُسْنَى عَلَى بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ بِمَا صَبَرُوا وَدَمَّرْنَا مَا كَانَ يَصْنَعُ فِرْعَوْنُ وَقَوْمُهُ وَمَا كَانُوا يَعْرِشُونَ﴾.

So fast on the day of Ashura, and also fast the ninth day alongside it, in adherence to the Sunnah, seeking reward, opposing the practices of the Jews, and expressing gratitude to Allah for the victory of the believers and the destruction of the disbelievers. Allah says in the Quran, "And the good word of your Lord was fulfilled for the Children of Israel because of what they had patiently endured. And We destroyed [all] that Pharaoh and his people were producing and what they had been building".

أَقُوْلُ قَوْلِي هَذَا، وَاسْتَغْفِرُ اللهَ لِيْ وَلَكُمْ مِنْ كُلِّ ذَنْبٍ؛ فَاسْتَغْفِرُوْهُ إِنَّهُ هُوَ الغَفُورُ الرَّحِيم.

الخُطْبَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ

(The First Sermon)

الحَمْدُ للهِ عَلَى إِحْسَانِهِ، والشُّكْرُ لَهُ عَلَى تَوْفِيْقِهِ وَامْتِنَانِه، وَأَشْهَدُ أَلَّا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُوْلُه.

أَيُّهَا الأَحِبَّةُ: جَـــاءَ يَوْمُ عَاشُوْرَاء؛ لِيَقْطَعَ اليَأْسَ مِنْ قُلُوْبِنَا، ويَبْعَثَ الأَمَلَ في نُفُوْسِنَا، فَقَــدْ جَاءَ لِيُذَكِّـــــرَنَا بِنَصْرِ اللهِ لِأَوْلِيَائِــــهِ، وَانْتِصَارِهِمْ على أَعْدَائِهِ، حَيْنَ أَنْجَى اللهُ فِيهِ مُوْسَى وَقَوْمَه، على أَعْظَمِ طَاغِيَةٍ في التَّارِيْخِ! ﴿وَجَعَلَ كَلِمَةَ الَّذِيـــنَ كَفَرُوا السُّفْلَى وَكَلِمَةُ اللهِ هِيَ الْعُلْيَا﴾.

Dear Muslims, the day of Ashura has come to dispel despair from our hearts and instill hope in our souls. It has come to remind us of Allah's victory for His allies and their victory over their enemies when Allah saved Musa (Moses) and his people from the greatest tyrant in history. Allah says in the Quran, "And He has made the word of those who disbelieved - lowest. And the word of Allah - highest".

وَعِنْدَمَا اسْتَكْبَرَ فِرْعَوْنُ في أَرْضِ اللهِ، وَأَهَانَ عِبَادَ اللهِ؛ أَخَــذَهُ اللهُ بِأَيْسَرِ الأَسْـــبَابِ، وَأَلْطَـــفِ المَخْلُوْقَـات!  قال تَعَالَى: ﴿وَنَادَى فِرْعَوْنُ فِي قَوْمِهِ قالَ يَا قَوْمِ أَلَيْسَ لِي مُلْكُ مِصْرَ وَهذِهِ الْأَنْهارُ تَجْرِي مِنْ تَحْتِي أَفَلا تُبْصِرُونَ * أَمْ أَنَا خَيْرٌ مِنْ هذَا الَّذِي هُوَ مَهِينٌ﴾. قال ابنُ عُثَيْمِــيْنَ: (فَأَغْرَقَهُ اللهُ تَعَـــالى بِالمَاءِ الَّذِي كانَ يَفْتَخِرُ بِــــهِ! وَأَوْرَثَ مُوْسَى أَرْضَـــهُ "الَّـذِي وَصَفَهُ بِأَنَّهُ مَهِيْنٌ!") ([12]).

When Pharaoh became arrogant in the land of Allah and humiliated the servants of Allah, Allah seized him with the easiest of means and showed His utmost kindness to His creation. Allah says in the Quran, "And Pharaoh called out among his people; he said, 'O my people, does not the kingdom of Egypt belong to me, and these rivers flowing beneath me? Then do you not see? Or am I better than this one who is insignificant?'". Ibn 'Uthaymeen said, "So Allah drowned him with the water that he boasted about, and He made Musa inherit his land, which He described as being insignificant!"

وَيُسْتَفَادُ مِنْ هَلاكِ فِرْعَوْنَ: أَنَّ النُّفُوْسَ المُتَفَرْعِنَةَ مَهْمَا بَلَغَتْ مِنَ الجَبَرُوْتِ وَالاِسْتِكْبَارِ؛ فَإِنَّ مَصِيْرَهَا إلى الزَّوَالِ وَالدَّمَارِ! ﴿بَلْ نَقْذِفُ بِالحَقِّ عَلَى الْباطِلِ فَيَدْمَغُهُ فَإِذَا هُوَ زَاهِقٌ﴾.

From the destruction of Pharaoh, we can derive that no matter how tyrannical and arrogant souls become, their ultimate fate is perishing and destruction. Allah says in the Quran, "Rather, We dash the truth upon falsehood, and it destroys it".

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*     اللَّهُمَّ أَعِزَّ الإِسْلامَ والمُسْلِمِينَ، وأَذِلَّ الشِّرْكَ والمُشْرِكِيْن.

*     اللَّهُمَّ فَرِّجْ هَمَّ المَهْمُوْمِيْنَ، وَنَفِّسْ كَرْبَ المَكْرُوْبِين.

*     اللَّهُمَّ آمِنَّا في أَوْطَانِنَا، وأَصْلِحْ أَئِمَّتَنَا وَوُلَاةَ أُمُوْرِنَا، وَوَفِّقْ وَلِيَّ أَمْرِنَا وَوَلِيَّ عَهْدِهِ لما تُحِبُّ وَتَرْضَى، وَخُذْ بِنَاصِيَتِهِمَا لِلْبِرِّ والتَّقْوَى.

*     عِبَادَ الله: ﴿إِنَّ اللهَ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ وَالإحْسَانِ وَإِيتَاءِ ذِي الْقُرْبَى وَيَنْهَى عَنِ الْفَحْشَاءِ وَالْمُنْكَرِ وَالْبَغْيِ يَعِظُكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ﴾.

*     فَاذْكُرُوا اللهَ يَذْكُرْكُمْ، وَاشْكُرُوْهُ على نِعَمِهِ يَزِدْكُمْ ﴿وَلَذِكْرُ اللهِ أَكْبَرُ وَاللهُ يَعْلَمُ مَا تَصْنَعُونَ﴾.

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([1])  رواه مسلم (1163).
([2])  رواه مسلم (1162).
([3])  رواه البخاري (2002).
([4])  رواه البخاري (1960)، ومسلم (1136).
([5])  رواه مسلم (1126).
([6])  رواه البخاري (1865)، ومسلم (1910).
([7])  رواه البخاري (2006).
([8])  رواه مسلم (1134).
([9])  قال شَيْخُ الإســلام: (صِيَامُ يَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ: كَفَّارَةُ سَنَةٍ، وَلا يُكْرَهُ إفْرَادُهُ بِالصَّوْمِ). الفتاوى الكبرى (5/378).
([10])   انظر: فتاوى الصيام، ابن عثيمين (438). مختصرًا.
([11])   انظر: منهاج السنة، ابن تيمية (4/554).
([12])   تفسير سورة البقرة (1/180)، تفسير جزء عم (49). بتصرف